What Is THC?

Discover the science behind THC, its medical uses, and the legal landscape. Unveil the effects, risks, and medicinal benefits of THC.

March 31, 2024

Understanding THC

To gain a comprehensive understanding of cannabis and its effects, it is important to explore the concept of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). THC is one of the active ingredients found in the cannabis plant and is responsible for its intoxicating effects. It is the compound that produces the characteristic "high" associated with cannabis use.

What is THC?

THC is a compound found in the cannabis plant that has mind-altering properties. It is important to note that THC is impairing and can cause a sense of euphoria or intoxication. This sets it apart from another compound found in cannabis, cannabidiol (CBD), which is not impairing and does not produce a "high".

Medical Uses of THC

While THC is known for its psychoactive effects, it also has potential medicinal applications. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved specific medications containing synthetic forms of THC for certain medical conditions.

One such medication is Epidiolex, a plant-based marijuana drug that contains a purified form of CBD. It has been approved for the treatment of seizures associated with specific epilepsy syndromes. Additionally, the FDA has approved two synthetic formulations of THC, called dronabinol and nabilone, for managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, as well as stimulating appetite in individuals with AIDS suffering from wasting syndrome.

It is important to note that while THC and cannabis have potential medicinal benefits, the FDA has not approved the cannabis plant itself for any medical use. Instead, individual cannabinoids, including THC, have been approved in specific medications.

Understanding the nature and potential uses of THC is crucial for individuals seeking to explore the effects of cannabis and its possible therapeutic applications. To ensure safety and efficacy, it is important to consult with healthcare professionals and follow legal regulations surrounding the use of THC and cannabis-based products.

Legal Status and Regulation of THC

In order to understand the legal status and regulation of THC, it is important to examine the specific laws and regulations in different countries. In this section, we will explore the cannabis laws in Canada and the status of medical marijuana in the United States.

Cannabis Laws in Canada

Canada has implemented comprehensive legislation regarding the production, distribution, and sale of cannabis. The Cannabis Act came into force on October 17, 2018, legalizing cannabis for recreational use across the country. This act established a strict regulatory framework for the legal production, distribution, and sale of cannabis, with the goal of keeping it out of the hands of youth and reducing the illegal market.

Under the Cannabis Act, adults in Canada are allowed to possess up to 30 grams of dried cannabis or its equivalent in public. They can also grow up to four cannabis plants per household for personal use, as long as they are obtained legally. Each province and territory has the authority to establish additional regulations and restrictions on the sale, distribution, and consumption of cannabis within their jurisdiction.

Medical Marijuana in the United States

In the United States, the legal status of medical marijuana varies from state to state. As of 2023, medical marijuana products were legal in 38 states, three territories, and the District of Columbia. However, it is important to note that while state laws may allow for the use of medical marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. This creates a complex legal landscape surrounding the use and distribution of medical marijuana.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved three drugs related to cannabis. Epidiolex, which contains a purified form of CBD, is approved for the treatment of seizures associated with specific epilepsy syndromes. Dronabinol and nabilone, both synthetic forms of THC, are approved to treat nausea and increase appetite in certain medical conditions. It is worth noting that most medical marijuana involves using unapproved drugs made from the cannabis plant.

The legal status and regulation of THC continue to evolve, with ongoing discussions and potential changes in legislation. It is important for individuals to stay informed about the specific laws and regulations in their respective jurisdictions to ensure compliance with the legal framework surrounding the use of THC.

Effects of THC on the Body

THC, or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, is the primary psychoactive compound found in cannabis. When consumed, THC interacts with the endocannabinoid system in the body, leading to various physical and psychological impacts, as well as potential risks and side effects.

Physical and Psychological Impacts

Upon consumption, THC triggers the release of dopamine in the brain, resulting in a pleasant high and heightened sensory perception. Users may experience a sense of relaxation, euphoria, and altered time perception. Some individuals may also feel an increase in appetite, commonly known as the "munchies".

Additionally, THC can have effects on the body such as bloodshot eyes, dry mouth, increased heart rate, and impaired coordination. These physical impacts can vary depending on the individual and the dosage of THC consumed.

Risks and Side Effects of THC

While THC can provide enjoyable experiences for many, prolonged and excessive use of cannabis can result in cannabis use disorder. This disorder can impact judgment and memory, potentially leading to addiction. It is important to note that not everyone who uses cannabis will develop a use disorder, but the risk increases with higher frequency and dosage.

Some of the most commonly reported adverse effects of THC usage that necessitate discontinuation include dysphoria, hallucinations, and paranoia. Other prevalent side effects include sedation, confusion, headache, dry mouth, euphoria, and hypotension. In rare cases, seizures and seizure-like activity have been reported in patients using THC.

Furthermore, marijuana use has been linked to mental illness in some individuals, such as depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts, particularly among teens. However, research findings on this matter have been mixed [7].

It is essential to approach THC usage with caution and be aware of the potential risks and side effects. Individuals should make informed decisions about their cannabis consumption based on their personal health, circumstances, and local regulations.

THC and Medicinal Benefits

THC, one of the active components of cannabis, not only produces intoxicating effects but also has potential medicinal benefits. In this section, we will explore two areas where THC has shown promise in medical applications: epilepsy and anxiety.

THC for Epilepsy and Anxiety

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. The FDA has approved a plant-based marijuana drug called Epidiolex, which contains a purified form of CBD (cannabidiol), for treating seizures associated with specific epilepsy syndromes. While CBD is the primary compound in Epidiolex, it is worth mentioning that THC may also play a role in its effectiveness.

Studies have shown that THC, in combination with CBD, can help reduce the frequency and severity of seizures in individuals with certain forms of epilepsy. The exact mechanism by which THC exerts its antiepileptic effects is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve interactions with the body's endocannabinoid system [1].

Anxiety is another condition that THC has been explored for its potential therapeutic benefits. Some individuals report a reduction in anxiety symptoms after consuming cannabis with higher levels of THC. However, it's important to note that the effects of THC on anxiety can vary from person to person, and excessive THC consumption may actually exacerbate anxiety symptoms in some individuals. Finding the right dosage and strain is crucial for individuals seeking anxiety relief through THC consumption.

FDA-Approved THC Medications

Apart from Epidiolex, the FDA has approved two medications made from a synthetic form of THC for specific medical purposes. These medications are:

Nabilone: This synthetic THC medication is used to treat nausea and vomiting in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Nabilone works by interacting with the body's cannabinoid receptors, providing relief from chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. It is worth noting that nabilone is not derived from the cannabis plant itself but is a synthetic replica of THC's chemical structure.
Dronabinol: Similar to nabilone, dronabinol is a synthetic form of THC. It is used to increase appetite in individuals with AIDS suffering from wasting syndrome. By stimulating appetite, dronabinol helps these individuals maintain or gain weight, improving their overall well-being.

These FDA-approved medications highlight the potential therapeutic benefits of THC in specific medical contexts. However, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional before considering THC as a treatment option for epilepsy, anxiety, or any other medical condition.

As research continues to uncover the potential medicinal properties of THC, it is crucial to balance the benefits with the potential risks and side effects associated with its use. THC's effects on the body can vary depending on factors such as dosage, individual tolerance, and method of consumption. It's always best to seek guidance from healthcare professionals to ensure safe and appropriate use of THC in a medical context.

The Science of THC

To understand the effects and mechanisms of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), it's important to explore its binding to cannabinoid receptors and the potential adverse effects that can occur upon its consumption.

Binding of THC to Cannabinoid Receptors

THC binds to cannabinoid receptors in the body, primarily CB1 receptors found in the central nervous system (CNS) and CB2 receptors present in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), immune cells, and various organs. The binding of THC to CB1 receptors in the CNS is associated with its effects on emesis, appetite, and pain. On the other hand, CB2 receptors and other receptors contribute to THC's neuroprotective, anti-spasmodic, and anti-inflammatory effects.

Adverse Effects and Discontinuation

While THC can produce pleasurable effects and therapeutic benefits, it can also lead to adverse effects, particularly when consumed in excessive amounts or over a prolonged period. Some of the commonly reported adverse effects of THC usage include dysphoria, hallucinations, paranoia, sedation, confusion, headache, dry mouth, euphoria, hypotension, and seizures or seizure-like activity. These adverse effects may vary in intensity and duration depending on factors such as individual sensitivity, dosage, and route of administration.

In some cases, the adverse effects of THC can be severe enough to necessitate discontinuation of its use. Dysphoria, hallucinations, and paranoia are among the most commonly reported adverse effects that may lead individuals to discontinue THC consumption. It's important to note that discontinuation may be recommended if these effects become overwhelming or interfere with daily functioning.

It's essential to exercise caution when using THC-containing products and to be aware of the potential risks associated with its consumption. Individuals with pre-existing heart conditions, for example, may be at a higher risk of experiencing adverse cardiovascular effects due to the increase in heart rate that THC can cause [1]. It's advisable to consult with a healthcare professional before using THC products, especially if you have any underlying medical conditions.

Understanding the science behind THC binding to cannabinoid receptors and the potential adverse effects that can arise from its consumption provides valuable insight into this compound. As research continues, further discoveries may shed light on the intricacies of THC's effects on the body and its potential for therapeutic applications.

Marijuana and THC

Marijuana, also known as cannabis, is a plant that contains various chemical compounds, including the mind-altering chemical THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) and other similar compounds. It refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica plant.

Definition of Marijuana

Marijuana, or cannabis, is a plant-based substance that is commonly used for recreational and medicinal purposes. It is consumed in various forms, including smoking, vaporizing, or consuming edibles. The psychoactive effects of marijuana are primarily attributed to the presence of THC, which interacts with the brain's cannabinoid receptors.

Prevalence of Marijuana Use

Marijuana use is prevalent among individuals of different age groups. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, in 2021, approximately 35.4% of young adults aged 18 to 25 (11.8 million people) reported using marijuana in the past year. Among 12th graders, 30.7% reported past-year marijuana use, with 6.3% reporting daily use. Furthermore, nearly 20.6% of 12th graders reported vaping marijuana in the past year, and 2.1% reported daily use of vaping marijuana.

The prevalence of marijuana use indicates its popularity and the need to understand its effects and potential risks associated with consumption. It is important for individuals to be aware of the potential impact of marijuana on their physical and mental health.

Understanding the definition of marijuana and its prevalence in society is essential when exploring the effects, risks, and benefits associated with THC and its use. It is crucial to approach marijuana use with caution and make informed decisions based on individual circumstances and available scientific evidence.

Risks and Concerns of Marijuana Use

Marijuana use carries certain risks and concerns, particularly in relation to marijuana use disorder and mental health effects. Understanding these potential issues is crucial for individuals considering marijuana use.

Marijuana Use Disorder

Approximately 3 in 10 people who use marijuana have marijuana use disorder, with a higher risk observed in those who start using during youth or adolescence and frequent users. Marijuana use disorder is characterized by the inability to control or stop marijuana use despite its negative impact on various aspects of life.

Research suggests that between 9 and 30 percent of those who use marijuana may develop some degree of marijuana use disorder. Individuals who begin using marijuana before the age of 18 are four to seven times more likely than adults to develop a marijuana use disorder. It is important to note that marijuana use disorder can range from mild to severe, and seeking professional help is crucial for those experiencing difficulties related to marijuana use.

Mental Health Effects of Marijuana

Marijuana use has been associated with potential mental health effects, although study findings have been mixed. Some individuals may experience an increase in symptoms of depression, anxiety, and even suicidal thoughts, especially among teenagers. However, it is important to note that the relationship between marijuana use and mental health is complex and can vary between individuals. Additional research is needed to fully understand the potential connections.

Impact on Brain Function and IQ

Marijuana use can have adverse effects on brain function, particularly in relation to memory, learning, attention, decision making, coordination, emotions, and reaction time. Developing brains, such as those in babies, children, and teenagers, are particularly vulnerable to these effects.

Research has shown that individuals who start smoking marijuana heavily during their teenage years and have an ongoing marijuana use disorder may experience a loss of IQ points. For example, a study conducted in New Zealand by researchers at Duke University found that people who started heavy marijuana use in their teens and had an ongoing marijuana use disorder lost an average of 8 IQ points between ages 13 and 38. Even after quitting marijuana as adults, the lost mental abilities did not fully return.

It is important to consider the potential impact of marijuana use on brain development, particularly during adolescence. The long-term consequences on cognitive abilities and overall IQ are areas of ongoing research.

Understanding the risks and concerns associated with marijuana use is essential for making informed decisions. Individuals considering marijuana use should carefully evaluate these factors and consult with healthcare professionals to assess the potential impact on their overall health and well-being.

THC and Brain Function

When exploring the effects of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) on the body, it is important to consider its impact on brain function. THC, the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis, can have both short-term and long-term effects on cognitive abilities and brain health.

Impact on Cognitive Abilities

The use of marijuana, which contains THC, can have adverse effects on cognitive abilities. These effects may include impairments in thinking, memory, attention, learning, decision making, coordination, emotions, and reaction time. The specific impairments can vary depending on factors such as the dosage of THC, frequency of use, and individual susceptibility.

Long-Term Effects on IQ

Research suggests that marijuana use, particularly when initiated during adolescence, may have long-term effects on IQ. A study conducted in New Zealand, in part by researchers at Duke University, found that individuals who started smoking marijuana heavily in their teens and had an ongoing marijuana use disorder experienced a decline in IQ. On average, they lost approximately 8 IQ points between the ages of 13 and 38. It is worth noting that the lost mental abilities did not fully return in those who quit marijuana as adults.

These findings highlight the potential risks associated with marijuana use, particularly during adolescence when the brain is still developing. It is crucial for individuals, especially teenagers, to be aware of the potential long-term cognitive effects and make informed decisions regarding marijuana use.

It is important to note that the impact of THC on brain function can vary from person to person. Factors such as the frequency and duration of marijuana use, dosage, and individual susceptibility can all play a role in determining the extent of cognitive impairment. Additionally, more research is needed to fully understand the long-term effects of THC on brain function.

Understanding the potential risks and effects of THC on brain function is essential for individuals considering marijuana use. It is always advisable to consult with healthcare professionals and make informed decisions based on individual circumstances and health considerations.

THC Potency and Addiction Risk

As the popularity and use of marijuana have grown, so has the potency of its primary psychoactive component, THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). The increasing levels of THC in marijuana may have implications for addiction risk and potential harmful effects on individuals.

Increasing THC Levels

Over the past few decades, the amount of THC in marijuana has steadily increased. This means that individuals who are new to marijuana use may be exposed to higher levels of THC, which can increase the chances of experiencing a harmful reaction [8]. The rise in THC levels can also contribute to a greater risk for addiction, especially for those who regularly expose themselves to high doses of THC.

High Dose Exposure and Addiction Risk

Regular exposure to high doses of THC can increase the risk of developing a substance use disorder. Research suggests that between 9 and 30 percent of individuals who use marijuana may develop some degree of marijuana use disorder. The risk is even higher for those who start using marijuana during youth or adolescence. Approximately 3 in 10 people who use marijuana have marijuana use disorder, with a higher risk observed in frequent users and those who started using at a young age [2].

It's important to note that addiction risk can vary among individuals, and factors such as genetics, environment, and personal circumstances can influence susceptibility to addiction. However, the increasing potency of THC in marijuana underscores the need for individuals to be aware of the potential risks associated with high-dose exposure.

Understanding the potential adverse effects and addiction risks associated with THC can help individuals make informed decisions about marijuana use. It is always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice and guidance regarding marijuana use, especially for individuals who may be at higher risk for addiction or have underlying mental health conditions.

In the next section, we will explore the impact of THC on brain function, including its effects on cognitive abilities and long-term effects on IQ.